Modulation and phase-locking in nanocontact vortex oscillators

We have conducted experiments to probe how the dynamics of nanocontact vortex oscillators can be modulated by an external signal. We explore the phase-locking properties in both the commensurate and chaotic regimes,
where chaos appears to impede phase-locking while a more standard behavior is seen in the commensurate phase. These different regimes correspond to how the periodicity of the vortex core reversal relates to the frequency of
core gyration around the nanocontact; a commensurate phase appears when the reversal rate is an integer fraction of the gyration frequency, while a chaotic state appears when this ratio is irrational. External modulation where
the power spectral density exhibits rich features appears due to the modulation between the external source frequency, gyration frequency, and core-reversal frequency. We explain these features with first- or second-order
modulation between the three frequencies. Phase-locking is also visible between the external source frequency and internal vortex modes (gyration and core-reversal modes).