Etude des propriétés spectro-spatiales des cristaux photoniques membranaires à symétrie brisée

Work carried out in this thesis is part of the overall work done at INL on optical resonators based on photonic crystals for the design of passive as well as active components integrated on silicon chips.These works especially focus on spectral properties and propagation control of guided modes and resonances settled in photonic crystal slabs. They rely partly on the guided nature of these modes as well as their symmetry properties to generate on-demand photonic dispersions. Indeed, control of the spectro-spatial properties is overriding for the design of efficient photonic components. For instance, obtaining a laser effect with a photonic crystal requires a precise control of both spectral properties (high quality factor) and spatial ones (high light slow-down) so that large photonic densities of states are achieved. Thereby, numerous strategies of control have been developed during the 2000s, allowing a laser effect to occur with various structures. Nonetheless, despite both manufacture and design qualities have been improved, these components still remain hardly competitive compared to other technologies. Demonstrating the versatility of these structures by achieving novel functionalities like beam steering or other capacities would be a real betterment.Recently, new strategies to control light using photonic crystals have been discovered. These strategies are based on completely new phenomena. For instance, new possibilities to localize light based on novel light decoupling processes from the continuum have arisen and Dirac cone dispersions could allow the formation of monomode larger-area photonic crystal lasers. These new phenomena enabled to consider new approaches to design photonic crystal laser that could lead to the novel functionalities sought.In parallel, the use of multimode photonic membranes still remains uncommon in the literature. The use of several guided orders gives additional possibilities to the control of light propagation within photonic crystal membrane thought. This additional control can lead to improved slowing-down capabilities or exotic dispersion generation.The goal of this thesis is to set up the fundamental blocks on which these particular dispersions are based on. In this purpose, a theoretical model allowing apprehending the coupling dynamic occurring in photonic crystal membranes is established. Then, this model is compared to simulation results and experimental characterizations of the manufactured structures.