Additive manufacturing for nano-feature applications: Electrohydrodynamic printing as a next-generation enabling technology

Regardless of the technology, additive or subtractive, the miniaturization trend is constantly
pushing for smaller resolutions. The rise of global challenges in material availability, fabrication in three
dimensions (3D), design flexibility and rapid prototyping have pushed additive manufacturing (AM) into the
spotlight. Addressing the miniaturization trend, AM has already successfully answered the challenges for
microscale 3D fabrication. However, fabricating nano-resolution still presents a challenge. In this review,
we will present some of the most reported AM-based technologies capable of nanoscale 3D fabrication
addressing resolutions of ≤ 500 nm. The focus is placed on Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing (also
known as e-jet printing), as EHD printing seems to have the best trade-off when it comes to technique
complexity, achievable resolutions, material diversity and potential to scale-up throughput. An overview of
the smallest achieved resolutions as well as the most unique use cases and demonstrated applications will be
addressed in this work.